![]() Efforts to quantify and map these dimensions spatially have thus far relied on a combination of ground observations, remote sensing, and mechanistic modeling. There is additional carbon below ground in roots and in soil organic matter. Plants grow biomass over time with rates and growth forms that vary by species, climate, soil, and other location-specific parameters. Typically, above-ground forest carbon is estimated by first estimating above-ground biomass, and then multiplying biomass by a conversion factor (approximately 0.5) reflecting the typical carbon concentration in the woody tissues of trees and plants, which vary in their elemental composition depending on the underlying compounds (e.g., lignins, cellulose, and hemicelluloses ) (Martin et al., 2018). They may additionally result in continued carbon dioxide removal, depending on the specifics of the forest’s ecological dynamics (e.g., species, age).Įstimating the potential of any of these approaches begins with considering the location: Where is the project taking place? What do we know about the local ecosystem? And what are the potential interactions with the climate system? A key parameter is above-ground forest carbon. Avoided conversion and IFM prevent emissions associated with deforestation, which reduces tree and soil carbon stocks. In terms of their effect on the global carbon cycle, reforestation, afforestation, and agroforestry are more clearly forms of carbon dioxide removal in so far as they primarily drive new biomass growth, whereas avoided conversion combines of carbon dioxide removal and avoided emissions. Interventions related to enhancing carbon dioxide removal by forests can take several forms, including reforestation, afforestation, agroforestry, avoided conversion, and improved forest management (IFM) (See Chapter 2 for definitions.) (Griscom et al., 2017 Anderson et al., 2017). Any actual project would require a more thorough study to assess feasibility and to develop deployment plans. This section should be considered a coarse review. ![]() We attempt to provide more details on activities that have the potential for more expansive development. In areas where several CDR systems are viable, deployment will involve complex decision-making processes that must include regional stakeholders, policymakers, and local communities. For technological CDR systems, mapping both low-carbon energy resources and storage potential helps identify opportunities for co-location and minimizes transportation distances. This chapter uses a geospatial approach to highlight global opportunities for siting biological and technological CDR systems that leverage available opportunities, but avoid competing with human activities or habitat conservation. Additional considerations alongside carbon accounting will be required for each strategy, and many of these are fundamentally spatial: What land area can support a CDR system without competing with human activities (e.g., food production, settlements) and without disturbing natural habitats? Are construction materials available, and what do they cost? What are the social and environmental risks associated with each CDR system related to their location? Can the components of the CDR system be recycled or reused across deployments? ![]() As discussed in Chapter 2, achieving net-negative GHG emissions globally will require large-scale development of a portfolio of CDR systems. ![]()
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